Lee, K-A., Flores, RR., Jang, IH., Saathoff, A
AI and AI-assisted tools statement During the preparation of this manuscript, the AI tool DeepSeek (version 3.2, released 2025-12-01) was used solely for language editing
Endpoints The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to the end of study (EOS) in HbA1c (%-point)
Metal complexation with copper and palmitoylation (creating Pal-GHK) both increase permeability, and cell-penetrating peptides and microneedle pretreatment show promise as enhancement strategies
A special committee investigation by the relevant institutions found that Leen Kawas (first author on Benoist 2014, co-author on McCoy 2013, and at the time CEO of the biotech commercializing a Dihexa derivative) had altered images in her doctoral dissertation and at least four published research papers from the Harding laboratory between approximately 2008 and 2012