No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred, and no study withdrawals were due to adverse events
Balloon compression The surgeon will insert a tube, called a cannula, through your cheek up to the trigeminal nerve
B12 injections are needed when the gut cannot absorb dietary B12 properly, or when oral B12 alone is not enough to correct the deficiency
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1602976 Received 30 March 2025 Revised 13 November 2025 Accepted 14 November 2025 Published 19 December 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Bernd Rosenkranz, Fundisa African Academy of Medicines Development, South Africa Reviewed by Kacper Nijakowski, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland Miriam Njoki Karinja, Science for Africa Foundation, Kenya Updates Copyright 2025 Mazur, Ndokaj, Salerno, Vallone, Ardan, Bietolini, Carrouel, Wilk, Sarig, Ottolenghi and Bourgeois
Quick intake : a short form covering current medications, allergies, prior B12 or vitamin therapy, and what you're hoping to get out of the shot