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Lack of FDA Approval and Regulation One of the most pressing issues with BPC-157 is its lack of approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

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However, succinate has been also regarded as a detrimental metabolite in ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its rapid oxidation at the onset of tissue reperfusion, which drives reactive oxygen species generation and necrotic cell death 58

Mitochondria, double-membrane organelles known as cellular powerhouses, generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and are highly abundant in the kidney (Kummer and Ban, 2021)