Glutamine catabolism, namely glutaminolysis, begins with its conversion to glutamate, which is catalyzed by the glutaminase (GLS) (Hassanein et al., 2013
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In addition to arginine, it was demonstrated that tryptophan converted to kynurenine, catalyzed by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, induced the expression of IL-10 and TGF- in macrophages, thereby increasing continuous efferocytosis and favoring tolerance both in vitro and in vivo [83] (Fig
Problems arise when this balance is disrupted