Kagan VE, Serbinova EA, Packer L
It maintains exogenous antioxidants such as vitamins C and E in their reduced (active) states
Research Applications Epitalon is commonly used to explore: Telomerase activation and telomere preservation Cellular aging and longevity markers DNA protection and oxidative stress modulation Pineal gland function and circadian rhythm regulation Mitochondrial health and energy signaling Immune system support pathways Its role in telomere research makes Epitalon one of the most referenced peptides in studies focused on cellular lifespan, anti-aging science, and regenerative biology
Carnitine has a protective effect on glaucoma-induced retinal ganglion cells injury by reducing the expression of typical markers of cell stress, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ubiquitin and caspase-3, and reducing the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) [318]
FAK-paxillin signaling and cell migration Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and paxillin are key regulators of cell migration, the process by which repair cells move to injury sites