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Mechanism of Action Binds the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) with reduced affinity for IGF-binding proteins, leading to prolonged activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways that promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and inhibition of apoptosis

Nature 575:688692 Wei R, Zhao Y, Wang J, Yang X, Li S, Wang Y, Yang X, Fei J et al (2021) Tagitinin C induces ferroptosis through PERK-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells

Potential Side Effects and Safety Copper peptides have an excellent safety profile

For example, cerebral arterial pulsation can drive paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange 15

After an allergic reaction, consider patch testing future copper peptide products before facial application