For example, in human neural progenitor cell cultures, treatment with a mixture of acetate, propionate, and butyrate increased the expression of genes related to neurogenesis and proliferation while reducing the activity of apoptotic pathways [192]
British National Formulary
At 54 weeks, mean weight loss is 3.7%, 3.2%, and 5.0%, respectively, compared to 3.3% for the liraglutide group and 0.7% for placebo (101)
Dedicated randomized controlled trials in women with PCOS, using both metabolic endpoints (fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, glucose tolerance, ideally clamp-based insulin sensitivity) and reproductive endpoints (ovulation, menstrual regularity, free-androgen index, SHBG), with adequate duration and rigorous fertility and pregnancy safeguards
And it happens because two independent signaling cascades are converging on the same cellular output